1 Gabatarwa
Tare da saurin ci gaban fasahar sadarwa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ko makamancin haka, fannin amfani da kebul na fiber optic yana ƙaruwa. Yayin da buƙatun muhalli na kebul na fiber optic ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa, haka nan buƙatun ingancin kayan da ake amfani da su a cikin kebul na fiber optic ke ƙaruwa. Tef ɗin toshe ruwa na fiber optic abu ne da aka saba amfani da shi wajen toshe ruwa a masana'antar kebul na fiber optic, an fahimci rawar da ke takawa wajen rufewa, hana ruwa shiga, danshi da kariyar buffer a cikin kebul na fiber optic, kuma an ci gaba da inganta nau'ikansa da aikinsa tare da haɓaka kebul na fiber optic. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an shigar da tsarin "bushewar tsakiya" a cikin kebul na gani. Wannan nau'in kayan shingen ruwa na kebul yawanci haɗuwa ne na tef, zare ko shafi don hana ruwa shiga cikin kebul na tsawon lokaci. Tare da karuwar karɓar kebul na fiber optic na busasshe, kayan kebul na fiber optic na busasshe suna maye gurbin mahaɗan cike kebul na gargajiya da aka yi da jelly na man fetur. Kayan busasshen tsakiya yana amfani da polymer wanda ke shan ruwa da sauri don samar da hydrogel, wanda ke kumbura kuma yana cike hanyoyin shigar ruwa na kebul. Bugu da ƙari, tunda kayan busasshen tsakiya ba ya ɗauke da mai mai ɗauri, babu gogewa, abubuwan narkewa ko masu tsaftacewa da ake buƙata don shirya kebul don haɗawa, kuma lokacin haɗa kebul ɗin ya ragu sosai. Nauyin kebul ɗin mai sauƙi da kyakkyawan mannewa tsakanin zaren ƙarfafawa na waje da murfin ba a rage shi ba, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama zaɓi mai shahara.
2 Tasirin ruwa akan kebul da kuma tsarin juriyar ruwa
Babban dalilin da ya sa ya kamata a ɗauki matakai daban-daban na toshe ruwa shi ne cewa ruwan da ke shiga kebul zai ruɓe ya zama hydrogen da O- ions, wanda zai ƙara asarar watsawa na fiber na gani, rage aikin zare kuma ya rage tsawon rayuwar kebul ɗin. Matakan da aka fi amfani da su wajen toshe ruwa sune cika da man fetur da ƙara tef ɗin toshe ruwa, waɗanda aka cika a cikin gibin da ke tsakanin tsakiyar kebul da murfin don hana ruwa da danshi su bazu a tsaye, don haka suna taka rawa wajen toshe ruwa.
Idan aka yi amfani da resin roba mai yawa a matsayin masu hana ruwa shiga cikin kebul na fiber optic (da farko a cikin kebul), waɗannan kayan hana ruwa suma ba su da kariya daga shigar ruwa. Samuwar "bishiyoyin ruwa" a cikin kayan hana ruwa shine babban dalilin tasirin aikin watsawa. Yawanci ana bayanin hanyar da bishiyoyin ruwa ke shafar kayan hana ruwa kamar haka: saboda ƙarfin filin lantarki (wani zato shine cewa halayen sinadarai na resin suna canzawa ta hanyar rashin isasshen fitar da electrons mai sauri), ƙwayoyin ruwa suna shiga ta cikin adadi daban-daban na ƙananan ramuka da ke cikin kayan hana ruwa na kebul na fiber optic. Kwayoyin ruwa za su shiga ta cikin adadin ƙananan ramuka daban-daban a cikin kayan hana ruwa, suna samar da "bishiyoyin ruwa", a hankali suna tara ruwa mai yawa kuma suna yaɗuwa a cikin alkiblar tsayin kebul, kuma suna shafar aikin kebul. Bayan shekaru da dama na bincike da gwaje-gwaje na ƙasashen duniya, a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, don nemo hanyar kawar da hanya mafi kyau ta samar da bishiyoyin ruwa, wato, kafin a fitar da kebul ɗin da aka naɗe a cikin wani yanki na sha ruwa da faɗaɗa shingen ruwa don hana da kuma rage girman bishiyoyin ruwa, tare da toshe ruwa a cikin kebul ɗin da ke cikin yaduwar ruwa ta tsayi; a lokaci guda, saboda lalacewa ta waje da shigar ruwa, shingen ruwa kuma zai iya toshe ruwan da sauri, ba don yaɗuwar kebul ɗin a tsayi ba.
3 Bayani game da shingen ruwa na kebul
3. 1 Rarraba shingen ruwa na kebul na fiber optic
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na rarraba shingen ruwa na kebul na gani, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su bisa ga tsarinsu, inganci da kauri. Gabaɗaya, ana iya rarraba su bisa ga tsarinsu: wurin da aka yi wa laminated mai gefe biyu, wurin da aka yi wa rufi mai gefe ɗaya da kuma wurin da aka yi wa fim ɗin da aka haɗa. Aikin shingen ruwa na shingen ruwa ya fi faruwa ne saboda yawan abin sha na ruwa (wanda ake kira shingen ruwa), wanda zai iya kumbura da sauri bayan shingen ruwa ya haɗu da ruwa, yana samar da babban adadin gel (shingen ruwa na iya shan ruwa sau ɗari fiye da kansa), don haka yana hana ci gaban bishiyar ruwa da hana ci gaba da shiga da yaɗuwar ruwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da polysaccharides na halitta da waɗanda aka gyara ta hanyar sinadarai.
Duk da cewa waɗannan masu toshe ruwa na halitta ko na halitta suna da kyawawan halaye, suna da fa'idodi guda biyu masu haɗari:
1) suna da sauƙin lalacewa da kuma 2) suna da matuƙar ƙonewa. Wannan yana sa ba za a iya amfani da su a cikin kayan kebul na fiber optic ba. Sauran nau'in kayan roba a cikin juriyar ruwa ana wakilta su da polyacrylates, wanda za a iya amfani da shi azaman juriyar ruwa ga kebul na gani saboda sun cika waɗannan buƙatu: 1) lokacin da suka bushe, suna iya magance matsalolin da ake samu yayin ƙera kebul na gani;
2) idan sun bushe, suna iya jure yanayin aiki na kebul na gani (zagayewar zafi daga zafin ɗaki zuwa 90 °C) ba tare da shafar rayuwar kebul ɗin ba, kuma suna iya jure yanayin zafi mai yawa na ɗan gajeren lokaci;
3) idan ruwa ya shiga, suna iya kumbura da sauri kuma su samar da gel mai saurin faɗaɗawa.
4) samar da gel mai kauri sosai, koda a yanayin zafi mai yawa, danko na gel ɗin yana dawwama na dogon lokaci.
Ana iya raba hada magungunan kashe kwari zuwa hanyoyin sinadarai na gargajiya - hanyar juye-juye (hanyar haɗa polymerization a cikin mai), hanyar haɗa polymerization tasu - hanyar faifai, hanyar haskakawa - hanyar "cobalt 60" γ-ray. Hanyar haɗa giciye ta dogara ne akan hanyar "haɗin cobalt 60". Hanyoyin haɗa daban-daban suna da matakai daban-daban na polymerization da haɗin giciye kuma saboda haka buƙatu masu tsauri ga wakilin toshe ruwa da ake buƙata a cikin tef ɗin toshe ruwa. Polyacrylates kaɗan ne kawai za su iya cika buƙatun guda huɗu da ke sama, bisa ga ƙwarewar aiki, ba za a iya amfani da sinadaran toshe ruwa (resins masu ɗaukar ruwa) azaman kayan aiki don wani ɓangare ɗaya na sodium polyacrylate mai haɗin giciye ba, dole ne a yi amfani da su a cikin hanyar haɗa polymer da yawa (watau wani ɓangare na cakuda sodium polyacrylate mai haɗin giciye) don cimma manufar ɗaukar ruwa mai sauri da yawa. Bukatun asali sune: yawan shan ruwa na iya kaiwa kusan sau 400, yawan shan ruwa na iya kaiwa minti na farko don shan kashi 75% na ruwan da ruwa ya sha; buƙatun kwanciyar hankali na bushewar ruwa: juriyar zafin jiki na dogon lokaci na 90°C, matsakaicin zafin aiki na 160°C, juriyar zafin jiki nan take na 230°C (musamman mahimmanci ga kebul na haɗakar lantarki tare da siginar lantarki); sha ruwa bayan samuwar buƙatun kwanciyar hankali na gel: bayan zagayowar zafi da yawa (20°C ~ 95°C) Kwanciyar gel bayan sha ruwa yana buƙatar: babban gel da ƙarfin gel bayan zagayowar zafi da yawa (20°C zuwa 95°C). Kwanciyar gel ɗin ya bambanta sosai dangane da hanyar haɗawa da kayan da masana'anta ke amfani da su. A lokaci guda, ba saurin faɗaɗawa ba, mafi kyau, wasu samfuran suna bin saurin gudu ɗaya, amfani da ƙari ba sa taimakawa kwanciyar hankali na hydrogel, lalata ƙarfin riƙe ruwa, amma ba don cimma tasirin juriyar ruwa ba.
3. Halaye 3 na tef ɗin toshe ruwa. A matsayin kebul a cikin kera, gwaji, sufuri, ajiya da amfani da tsarin don jure gwajin muhalli, don haka daga mahangar amfani da kebul na gani, buƙatun tef ɗin toshe ruwa na kebul sune kamar haka:
1) bayyanar rarrabawar zare, kayan haɗin kai ba tare da lalata da foda ba, tare da wani ƙarfin injiniya, wanda ya dace da buƙatun kebul;
2) iri ɗaya, mai maimaitawa, inganci mai karko, a cikin samuwar kebul ɗin ba za a cire shi ba kuma a samar da shi
3) matsin lamba mai yawa, saurin faɗaɗawa da sauri, kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na gel;
4) kwanciyar hankali mai kyau na zafi, wanda ya dace da ayyuka daban-daban na gaba;
5) ingantaccen daidaiton sinadarai, ba ya ƙunshe da wani abu mai lalata, mai jure wa ƙwayoyin cuta da lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta;
6) Kyakkyawan jituwa tare da sauran kayan kebul na gani, juriya ga iskar shaka, da sauransu.
4 Ka'idojin aikin shingen ruwa na kebul na gani
Yawancin sakamakon bincike sun nuna cewa rashin isasshen juriya ga ruwa ga dorewar aikin watsa kebul na dogon lokaci zai haifar da babbar illa. Wannan lahani, a cikin tsarin masana'antu da kuma duba masana'anta na kebul na fiber optic yana da wahalar samu, amma a hankali zai bayyana a lokacin da ake shimfida kebul bayan amfani. Saboda haka, haɓaka ƙa'idodin gwaji masu cikakken inganci akan lokaci, don nemo tushen kimantawa ga dukkan ɓangarorin da za su iya karɓa, ya zama aiki mai gaggawa. Bincike mai zurfi, bincike da gwaje-gwajen marubucin kan bel ɗin toshe ruwa sun samar da isasshen tushe na fasaha don haɓaka ƙa'idodin fasaha don bel ɗin toshe ruwa. Tantance sigogin aiki na ƙimar shingen ruwa bisa ga waɗannan:
1) buƙatun ma'aunin kebul na gani don tashar ruwa (galibi buƙatun kayan kebul na gani a cikin ma'aunin kebul na gani);
2) ƙwarewa a cikin kera da amfani da shingayen ruwa da rahotannin gwaji masu dacewa;
3) sakamakon bincike kan tasirin halayen tef ɗin da ke toshe ruwa akan aikin kebul na fiber na gani.
4. 1 Bayyanar
Kamannin tef ɗin shingen ruwa ya kamata ya zama zare mai rarrafe daidai gwargwado; saman ya kamata ya zama lebur kuma babu wrinkles, ƙuraje da tsagewa; bai kamata a sami tsagewa a faɗin tef ɗin ba; kayan haɗin ya kamata ya kasance ba tare da tsagewa ba; tef ɗin ya kamata a ɗaure shi sosai kuma gefun tef ɗin da aka riƙe da hannu ya kamata ya kasance ba tare da "siffar hular bambaro" ba.
4.2 Ƙarfin injina na tashar ruwa
Ƙarfin taurin da ke cikin waterstop ya dogara ne da hanyar ƙera tef ɗin polyester mara saƙa, a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya, hanyar viscose ta fi hanyar samar da ƙarfin taurin samfurin mai zafi-birgima, kauri kuma ya fi siriri. Ƙarfin taurin da ke cikin tef ɗin shingen ruwa ya bambanta dangane da yadda ake naɗe kebul ko naɗe shi a kewaye da kebul.
Wannan babbar alama ce ga bel ɗin hana ruwa guda biyu, waɗanda ya kamata a haɗa hanyar gwajin da na'urar, ruwa da kuma tsarin gwaji. Babban kayan toshe ruwa a cikin tef ɗin hana ruwa wani ɓangare ne na sodium polyacrylate da abubuwan da suka samo asali, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abun da ke ciki da yanayin buƙatun ingancin ruwa, don haɗa ma'aunin tsayin kumburi na tef ɗin hana ruwa, amfani da ruwan da aka cire ion zai yi tasiri (ana amfani da ruwan da aka tace a cikin sulhu), saboda babu wani ɓangaren anionic da cationic a cikin ruwan da aka cire ion, wanda shine ainihin ruwa mai tsarki. Yawan sha na resin sha na ruwa a cikin halaye daban-daban na ruwa ya bambanta sosai, idan yawan sha a cikin ruwa mai tsarki shine 100% na ƙimar da aka ƙayyade; a cikin ruwan famfo yana tsakanin 40% zuwa 60% (ya danganta da ingancin ruwa na kowane wuri); a cikin ruwan teku yana da 12%; ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko ruwan magudanar ruwa ya fi rikitarwa, yana da wuya a tantance kashi na sha, kuma ƙimarsa za ta yi ƙasa sosai. Domin tabbatar da tasirin shingen ruwa da tsawon rayuwar kebul, ya fi kyau a yi amfani da tef ɗin shingen ruwa mai tsayin kumburin sama da 10mm.
4.3Halayen lantarki
Gabaɗaya dai, kebul ɗin gani ba ya ɗauke da watsa siginar lantarki na wayar ƙarfe, don haka kar a haɗa da amfani da tef ɗin ruwa mai juriya na semi-gudanarwa, kawai Wang Qiang 33, da sauransu: tef ɗin juriya na ruwa na kebul na gani
Kebul ɗin haɗakar lantarki kafin kasancewar siginar lantarki, takamaiman buƙatu bisa ga tsarin kebul ɗin ta hanyar kwangila.
4.4 Kwanciyar hankali a yanayin zafi Yawancin nau'ikan tef ɗin da ke toshe ruwa na iya biyan buƙatun kwanciyar hankali na zafi: juriyar zafin jiki na dogon lokaci na 90°C, matsakaicin zafin aiki na 160°C, juriyar zafin jiki nan take na 230°C. Bai kamata aikin tef ɗin da ke toshe ruwa ya canza ba bayan wani takamaiman lokaci a waɗannan yanayin zafi.
Ƙarfin gel ɗin ya kamata ya zama mafi mahimmancin siffa ta kayan intumescent, yayin da ƙimar faɗaɗawa kawai ake amfani da ita don iyakance tsawon shigar ruwa na farko (ƙasa da mita 1). Kyakkyawan kayan faɗaɗawa yakamata ya sami madaidaicin ƙimar faɗaɗawa da babban ɗankowa. Kayan hana ruwa mara kyau, koda tare da babban ƙimar faɗaɗawa da ƙarancin ɗankowa, zai sami mummunan halayen hana ruwa. Ana iya gwada wannan idan aka kwatanta da wasu zagayowar zafi. A ƙarƙashin yanayin hydrolytic, gel ɗin zai tarwatse ya zama ƙaramin ruwa mai ɗankowa wanda zai lalata ingancinsa. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar jujjuyawar dakatarwar ruwa mai tsabta wanda ke ɗauke da foda mai kumburi na tsawon awanni 2. Daga nan sai a raba gel ɗin da ya fito daga ruwan da ya wuce kima sannan a sanya shi a cikin na'urar juyawa don auna ɗankowa kafin da bayan awanni 24 a 95°C. Ana iya ganin bambancin daidaiton gel. Wannan yawanci ana yin sa ne a cikin zagayowar awanni 8 daga 20°C zuwa 95°C da awanni 8 daga 95°C zuwa 20°C. Ma'aunin Jamusanci masu dacewa yana buƙatar zagayowar awanni 126 na awanni 8.
4. 5 Daidaituwa Daidaituwan shingen ruwa muhimmin abu ne dangane da rayuwar kebul na fiber optic, don haka ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi dangane da kayan kebul na fiber optic da ke tattare da shi zuwa yanzu. Ganin cewa daidaito yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya bayyana, dole ne a yi amfani da gwajin tsufa mai sauri, wato a goge samfurin kebul ɗin, a naɗe shi da tef ɗin busasshen juriya ga ruwa sannan a ajiye shi a cikin ɗakin zafin da ke da 100°C na tsawon kwanaki 10, bayan haka ana auna ingancinsa. Ƙarfin juriya da tsawaita kayan bai kamata ya canza da fiye da kashi 20% ba bayan gwajin.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-22-2022