Abstract: Ƙa'idar haɗin kai, rarrabuwa, ƙira, tsari da kayan aiki na silane giciye-giciye polyethylene insulating abu don waya da kebul an bayyana a taƙaice, da kuma wasu halaye na silane ta halitta giciye polyethylene insulating abu a aikace-aikace da kuma amfani da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi giciye-linked yanayin da kayan da aka gabatar.
Mahimman kalmomi: Silane giciye; Haɗin kai na dabi'a; Polyethylene; Rufewa; Waya da kebul
Silane giciye polyethylene na USB abu yanzu ana amfani da ko'ina a cikin waya da na USB masana'antu a matsayin insulating abu don low-voltage igiyoyin wuta. Abubuwan da ke cikin kerawa da kebul na igiya da kebul na igiya, da kuma peroxide na haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa da kuma irradiation gicciye idan aka kwatanta da kayan aikin masana'anta da ake buƙata yana da sauƙi, mai sauƙi don aiki, ƙananan farashi mai mahimmanci da sauran abũbuwan amfãni, ya zama babban abu don ƙananan igiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwa tare da rufi.
1.Silane giciye kayan haɗin kebul na kayan haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa
Akwai manyan matakai guda biyu da ke da hannu wajen yin silane giciye polyethylene: grafting da giciye. A cikin aikin grafting, polymer ya rasa H-atom ɗinsa akan atom ɗin carbon na uku a ƙarƙashin aikin mai ƙaddamarwa kyauta da pyrolysis cikin radicals kyauta, wanda ke amsawa tare da - CH = CH2 ƙungiyar vinyl silane don samar da polymer grafted wanda ke ɗauke da rukunin ester trioxysilyl. A cikin hanyar haɗin gwiwa, an fara yin amfani da polymer graft a gaban ruwa don samar da silanol, kuma - OH yana haɗuwa tare da ƙungiyar Si-OH da ke kusa da su don samar da haɗin Si-O-Si, don haka haɗin haɗin gwiwar macromolecules polymer.
2.Silane giciye kayan haɗin kebul da hanyar samar da kebul
Kamar yadda kuka sani, akwai hanyoyin samar da matakai biyu da mataki ɗaya don silane igiyoyi masu haɗaka da igiyoyin su. Bambanci tsakanin hanyar mataki biyu da hanyar mataki daya ya ta'allaka ne a inda ake aiwatar da aikin silane grafting, tsarin grafting a masana'antar kayan kebul don hanyar mataki biyu, tsarin grafting a cikin masana'antar kera na USB don hanyar mataki ɗaya. Abun rufe fuska na silane mai haɗe-haɗe da silane mai haɗe-haɗe tare da mafi girman kason kasuwa ya ƙunshi abin da ake kira kayan A da B, tare da A abu shine polyethylene da aka dasa shi da silane da kayan B shine babban babban tsari. Daga nan sai a haɗe tushen insulating cikin ruwan dumi ko tururi.
Akwai wani nau'in nau'in silane na silane mai haɗin gwiwar polyethylene mai haɗe-haɗe, inda aka samar da kayan A ta wata hanya ta daban, ta hanyar gabatar da silane na vinyl kai tsaye a cikin polyethylene yayin haɗuwa don samun polyethylene tare da sarƙoƙi na silane.
Daya-mataki hanya ma yana da iri biyu, da gargajiya mataki daya mataki tsari ne iri-iri na albarkatun kasa bisa ga dabara a cikin rabo na musamman ma'auni metering tsarin, a cikin wani musamman tsara musamman extruder a mataki daya don kammala grafting da extrusion na USB rufi core, a cikin wannan tsari, babu granulation, babu bukatar na USB abu shuka hallara, da na USB factory kammala shi kadai. Wannan na'urar samar da kebul na silane mai hawa daya mai hawa daya da fasahar kere kere ana shigo da ita ne daga kasashen waje kuma tana da tsada.
Wani nau'i na daya-mataki silane giciye polyethylene rufi abu ne samar da na USB abu masana'antun, shi ne duk albarkatun kasa bisa ga dabara a cikin rabo na musamman Hanyar hadawa tare, kunshe-kunshe da kuma sayar, babu A abu da B abu, na USB shuka iya zama kai tsaye a cikin extruder don kammala wani mataki a lokaci guda grafting da extrusion na USB rufi core. Siffar ta musamman ta wannan hanya ita ce, babu buƙatar tsada na musamman masu tsada, kamar yadda tsarin silane grafting za a iya kammala shi a cikin wani al'ada na PVC extruder, kuma hanyar matakai biyu ta kawar da buƙatar haɗuwa da kayan A da B kafin extrusion.
3. Abun da aka tsara
Ƙirƙirar silane giciye-hadarin polyethylene na USB abu gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi resin abu mai tushe, mai ƙaddamarwa, silane, antioxidant, mai hana polymerization, mai kara kuzari, da sauransu.
(1) Gudun tushe shine gabaɗaya ƙarancin ƙarancin polyethylene (LDPE) guduro tare da ma'aunin narkewa (MI) na 2, amma kwanan nan, tare da haɓaka fasahar guduro ta roba da matsin tsada, an yi amfani da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin liƙa (LLDPE) ko kuma an yi amfani da shi a matsayin resin tushe don wannan abu. Daban-daban resins sau da yawa suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan grafting da haɗin kai saboda bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin macromolecular na ciki, don haka za'a canza tsarin ta hanyar amfani da resins daban-daban ko nau'in resin iri ɗaya daga masana'antun daban-daban.
(2) Mafarin da aka saba amfani da shi shine diisopropyl peroxide (DCP), mabuɗin shine fahimtar adadin matsalar, kaɗan don haifar da silane grafting bai isa ba; da yawa don haifar da haɗin gwiwar polyethylene, wanda ke rage yawan ruwa, farfajiyar ƙwanƙwasa mai tsauri mai ƙarfi, da wuya a matse tsarin. Kamar yadda adadin mai ƙaddamarwa yana da ƙanƙanta kuma mai hankali, yana da mahimmanci a tarwatsa shi daidai, don haka gabaɗaya an haɗa shi tare da silane.
(3) Ana amfani da Silane gabaɗaya vinyl unsaturated silane, gami da vinyl trimethoxysilane (A2171) da vinyl triethoxysilane (A2151), saboda saurin hydrolysis na A2171, don haka zaɓi A2171 ƙarin mutane. Hakazalika, akwai matsala ta ƙara silane, masana'antun kebul na yanzu suna ƙoƙarin cimma ƙananan iyaka don rage farashi, saboda silane ana shigo da su, farashin ya fi tsada.
(4) Anti-oxidant shine tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na aiki na polyethylene da kebul anti-tsufa da kuma kara da cewa, anti-oxidant a cikin silane grafting tsari yana da rawar da ya hana grafting dauki, don haka da grafting tsari, Bugu da kari na anti-oxidant don yin hankali, adadin da aka kara don la'akari da adadin DCP don dacewa da zabin. A cikin tsarin haɗin kai na mataki biyu, yawancin antioxidant za a iya ƙarawa a cikin babban tsari mai mahimmanci, wanda zai iya rage tasiri akan tsarin grafting. A cikin hanyar haɗin kai-mataki-mataki-mataki, antioxidant yana samuwa a cikin dukan tsarin grafting, don haka zaɓin nau'in nau'i da adadin ya fi mahimmanci. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na antioxidants sune 1010, 168, 330, da dai sauransu.
(5) Polymerization inhibitor aka kara domin ya hana wasu grafting da giciye-linking tsari na gefen halayen faruwa, a cikin grafting tsari don ƙara wani anti-cross-linking wakili, zai iya yadda ya kamata rage abin da ya faru na C2C giciye-linking, game da shi inganta da aiki fluidity, a Bugu da kari, da Bugu da kari na wani graft a cikin yanayi guda za a iya rage sikelin da hydrolysis a kan hydrolysis na polymerization na hydrolysis. grafted polyethylene, don inganta dogon lokacin da kwanciyar hankali na dasa kayan.
(6) Masu kara kuzari galibi abubuwan organotin ne (sai dai na haɗe-haɗe na halitta), wanda aka fi sani da shi shine dibutyltin dilaurarate (DBDTL), wanda gabaɗaya ana ƙara shi ta hanyar masterbatch. A cikin mataki na mataki biyu, ana tattara kayan datti (A material) da na'ura mai haɓakawa (B material) daban kuma ana haɗa kayan A da B tare kafin a saka su a cikin extruder don hana presslinking na kayan A. A cikin yanayin silane-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle polyethylene.
Bugu da kari, akwai hadadden silanes da ake samu a kasuwa, wadanda suka hada da silane, initiator, antioxidant, wasu mayukan man shafawa da na maganin jan karfe, kuma ana amfani da su gaba daya a hanyoyin hada-hadar silane mataki daya a cikin tsire-tsire na USB.
Sabili da haka, ƙirƙira na silane giciye polyethylene rufi, abin da abun da ke ciki ba a yi la'akari da zama sosai hadaddun da kuma samuwa a cikin dacewa bayanai, amma dace samar formulations, batun wasu gyare-gyare domin kammala, wanda na bukatar cikakken fahimtar rawar da aka gyara a cikin tsari da kuma dokar da tasiri a kan yi da kuma tasiri na juna.
A cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan USB da yawa, kayan haɗin kebul na silane (ko dai mataki biyu ko mataki ɗaya) ana ɗaukar su shine kawai nau'ikan hanyoyin sinadarai da ke faruwa a cikin extrusion, wasu nau'ikan irin su polyvinyl chloride (PVC) kayan USB da polyethylene (PE) na USB abu, tsarin granulation na extrusion shine tsarin haɗin jiki na zahiri, koda da haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe da sinadarai na USB. granulation tsari, ko extrusion tsarin Cable, babu wani sinadaran tsari faruwa, don haka, a kwatanta, samar da silane giciye-linked na USB abu da na USB rufi extrusion, tsari iko ne mafi muhimmanci.
4. Mataki na biyu na silane giciye polyethylene rufi samar tsari
Tsarin samar da silane mai haɗe-haɗe da rufin polyethylene mai hawa biyu Ana iya wakilta wani abu a taƙaice da Hoto 1.
Hoto 1 Tsarin samarwa na silane mai haɗe-haɗe da polyethylene mai ɗaukar hoto A
Wasu mahimman mahimman bayanai a cikin tsarin samarwa na silane mai haɗin haɗin polyethylene mai haɗe-haɗe:
(1) bushewa. Kamar yadda resin polyethylene ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin ruwa, lokacin da aka fitar da shi a yanayin zafi mai yawa, ruwan ya yi sauri tare da ƙungiyoyin silyl don samar da haɗin kai, wanda ke rage yawan ruwa na narkewa kuma yana samar da haɗin kai kafin ƙetare. Har ila yau, kayan da aka gama yana ƙunshe da ruwa bayan sanyaya ruwa, wanda kuma zai iya haifar da riga-kafi idan ba a cire ba, kuma dole ne a bushe. Don tabbatar da ingancin bushewa, ana amfani da sashin bushewa mai zurfi.
(2) Mitar. Kamar yadda daidaiton ƙirar kayan abu yake da mahimmanci, ana amfani da sikelin auna nauyi da aka shigo da shi gabaɗaya. Ana auna resin polyethylene da antioxidant kuma ana ciyar da su ta hanyar tashar abinci na extruder, yayin da silane da mai ƙaddamarwa ana allura ta hanyar famfo abu na ruwa a cikin ganga na biyu ko na uku na extruder.
(3) Extrusion grafting. An kammala aikin grafting na silane a cikin extruder. The tsari saituna na extruder, ciki har da zafin jiki, dunƙule hade, dunƙule gudun da kuma ciyar kudi, dole ne bi ka'idar cewa abu a cikin na farko sashe na extruder za a iya cikakken narkakkar da kuma gauraye uniformly, a lokacin da wanda bai kai ba bazuwar na peroxide ba a so, da kuma cewa cikakken uniform abu a cikin na biyu sashe na extruder dole ne a cikakken bazuwa da kuma grafting tsari kammala a tebur (Table 1) da aka nuna a cikin yanayin zafi tsari.
Tebur 1 Zazzabi na yankunan extruder mataki biyu
| Yankin aiki | Yanki 1 | Yanki 2 | Yanki 3 ① | Yanki 4 | Yanki 5 |
| Zazzabi P ° C | 140 | 145 | 120 | 160 | 170 |
| Yankin aiki | Yanki 6 | Yanki 7 | Yanki 8 | Yanki 9 | Baki mutu |
| Zazzabi °C | 180 | 190 | 195 | 205 | 195 |
① shine inda aka kara silane.
Gudun ƙulle na extruder yana ƙayyade lokacin zama da tasirin haɗuwa da kayan abu a cikin extruder, idan lokacin zama ya kasance takaice, bazuwar peroxide bai cika ba; idan lokacin zama ya yi tsayi da yawa, danko na kayan da aka fitar yana ƙaruwa. Gabaɗaya, matsakaicin lokacin zama na granule a cikin extruder ya kamata a sarrafa shi a cikin bazuwar rabin rayuwar mai farawa na sau 5-10. Gudun ciyarwa ba kawai yana da wani tasiri a kan lokacin zama na kayan ba, amma har ma a kan haɗuwa da raguwa na kayan, zaɓin saurin ciyarwa mai dacewa yana da mahimmanci.
(4) Marufi. Ya kamata a haɗa kayan silane mai haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haki-biyu a cikin jakunkuna masu haɗaɗɗun aluminium-roba a cikin iska kai tsaye don kawar da danshi.
5. Mataki daya silane giciye polyethylene insulating kayan samar tsari
Mataki daya silane giciye polyethylene rufi abu saboda da grafting tsari ne a cikin na USB factory extrusion na USB rufi core, don haka na USB rufi extrusion zafin jiki ne muhimmanci mafi girma fiye da biyu mataki hanya. Ko da yake daya-mataki silane giciye polyethylene rufi dabara da aka cikakken yi la'akari a cikin m watsawa na initiator da silane da abu karfi, amma grafting tsari dole ne a tabbatar da zazzabi, wanda shi ne daya-mataki silane giciye polyethylene rufi samar shuka akai-akai jaddada muhimmancin da daidai zabi na extrusion zafin jiki da aka nuna a cikin babban zafin jiki na Table 2.
Tebura 2 Zazzabi mai zafin jiki na kowane yanki (naúrar: ℃)
| Yanki | Yanki 1 | Yanki 2 | Yanki 3 | Yanki 4 | Flange | Shugaban |
| Zazzabi | 160 | 190 | 200 ~ 210 | 220 ~ 230 | 230 | 230 |
Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin raunin tsarin silane mai haɗe-haɗe da polyethylene na mataki ɗaya, wanda gabaɗaya ba a buƙata lokacin fitar da igiyoyi a cikin matakai biyu.
6.Production kayan aiki
Kayan aikin samarwa shine muhimmin garanti na sarrafa tsari. Samar da igiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwar silane yana buƙatar babban mataki na daidaiton tsarin sarrafawa, don haka zaɓin kayan aikin samarwa yana da mahimmanci.
A samar da biyu-mataki silane giciye polyethylene rufi abu A kayan samar da kayan aiki, a halin yanzu mafi cikin gida isotropic layi daya twin-dunƙule extruder tare da shigo da nauyi nauyi, irin na'urorin iya saduwa da bukatun na aiwatar da daidaito daidaito, da zabi na tsawon da diamita na tagwaye-dunƙule extruder don tabbatar da cewa kayan zama lokaci, da zabi na tabbatar da shigo da daidaito na nauyi auna. Tabbas akwai cikakkun bayanai na kayan aikin da ya kamata a ba su cikakkiyar kulawa.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ana shigo da na'urorin samar da kebul na silane mataki daya da ke da alaka da kebul a cikin masana'antar kebul, masu tsada, masu kera kayan cikin gida ba su da makamancin na'urorin da ake samarwa, dalili kuwa shi ne rashin hadin kai tsakanin masu kera na'urori da masu bincike da kuma tsari.
7.Silane na halitta giciye polyethylene rufi abu
Silane na halitta giciye polyethylene insulating abu ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan za a iya ƙetare a karkashin yanayi na halitta a cikin 'yan kwanaki, ba tare da tururi ko dumi ruwa nutsewa. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyar haɗin gwiwar silane na al'ada, wannan abu zai iya rage tsarin samar da kebul na kebul, ƙara rage yawan farashin samarwa da haɓaka haɓakar haɓaka. Silane a zahiri rufin polyethylene mai haɗe-haɗe yana ƙara ganewa da amfani da masana'antun kebul.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, rufin polyethylene na gida na silane na gida ya girma kuma an samar da shi da yawa, tare da wasu fa'idodi a farashin idan aka kwatanta da kayan da aka shigo da su.
7. 1 Ƙirƙirar ra'ayoyin don silane ta dabi'a mai haɗin haɗin polyethylene
Silane na halitta giciye polyethylene insulations ana samar da a cikin mataki biyu tsari, tare da wannan tsari kunshi tushe guduro, initiator, silane, antioxidant, polymerisation inhibitor da mai kara kuzari. Ƙirƙirar silane na halitta na giciye polyethylene insulators ya dogara ne akan haɓaka ƙimar silane grafting na kayan A da zaɓin ingantaccen mai kara kuzari fiye da silane ruwan ɗumi mai haɗin polyethylene masu haɗin gwiwa. Yin amfani da kayan A tare da ƙimar silane mafi girma a haɗe tare da ingantaccen mai haɓakawa zai ba da damar silane giciye polyethylene insulator don haye-haɗe da sauri ko da a ƙananan yanayin zafi kuma tare da ƙarancin danshi.
Abubuwan A-kayan silane da aka shigo da su ta dabi'a masu haɗin polyethylene masu haɗin gwiwa suna haɗa su ta hanyar copolymerisation, inda za a iya sarrafa abun cikin silane a babban matakin, yayin da samar da kayan A-kayan da ke da ƙimar grafting ta hanyar grafting silane yana da wahala. Resin tushe, mai farawa da silane da aka yi amfani da su a cikin girke-girke ya kamata a bambanta da daidaita su dangane da iri-iri da ƙari.
Zaɓin juriya da daidaita adadin sa shima yana da mahimmanci, saboda haɓakar ƙimar silane babu makawa yana haifar da ƙarin halayen gefen CC crosslinking. Domin inganta aiki fluidity da surface yanayin da A abu ga m na USB extrusion, a dace adadin polymerization inhibitor da ake bukata don yadda ya kamata hana CC crosslinking da kafin pre-crosslinking.
Bugu da kari, masu kara kuzari suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ƙimar haɗin kai kuma yakamata a zaɓi su azaman ingantattun abubuwan haɓakawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwa marasa ƙarfe na canji.
7. 2 Tsallaka lokaci na silane mai haɗe-haɗe na polyethylene ta dabi'a
Lokacin da ake buƙata don kammala haɗin giciye na silane na halitta mai haɗin polyethylene mai haɗin gwiwa a cikin yanayin yanayinsa ya dogara da zafin jiki, zafi da kauri na rufin rufin. Mafi girman zafin jiki da zafi, mafi ƙarancin kauri na rufin rufin, guntun lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ya fi tsayi kishiyar. Kamar yadda yanayin zafi da zafi ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki da yanayi zuwa yanayi, ko da a wuri guda kuma a lokaci guda, yanayin zafi da zafi a yau da gobe za su bambanta. Sabili da haka, yayin amfani da kayan, mai amfani ya kamata ya ƙayyade lokacin haɗin kai bisa ga yanayin gida da yanayin zafi da zafi, da ƙayyadaddun kebul da kauri na rufin rufi.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-13-2022